What Is Barrett’s Esophagus?
Barrett’s Esophagus is a condition in which the normal lining of the esophagus changes to tissue that more closely resembles the lining of the intestine. This occurs after long-term irritation, most commonly from chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While Barrett’s Esophagus itself may not cause symptoms, it is considered a precancerous condition because it increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Early diagnosis and ongoing monitoring are crucial for reducing cancer risk and maintaining long-term digestive health.
Symptoms
Barrett’s Esophagus often does not cause noticeable symptoms. Most individuals experience symptoms related to chronic GERD, which can lead to the condition.
Common symptoms include:
- Frequent heartburn or acid reflux
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- Difficulty swallowing
- A sensation of something “stuck” after swallowing
- Chest discomfort
- Chronic cough or hoarseness
If you have long-standing GERD, especially for 5+ years, you may benefit from screening.
Causes & Risk Factors
Barrett’s Esophagus develops when the esophagus is repeatedly exposed to stomach acid.
Major Causes
- Chronic acid reflux (GERD)
- Long-term esophageal irritation
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk if you:
- Have had GERD for many years
- Are age 50+
- Are male
- Are overweight or obese
- Smoke or have a history of smoking
- Have a family history of Barrett’s Esophagus or esophageal cancer
Diagnosis
- Upper Endoscopy: The most effective way to diagnose Barrett’s Esophagus is through an upper endoscopy. A flexible camera is inserted into the esophagus to visualize the lining and take biopsies.
- Biopsy: Tissue samples confirm whether Barrett’s is present and determine if there are precancerous changes (dysplasia).
- Surveillance: If diagnosed, your provider may recommend periodic endoscopies to monitor for cell changes and ensure early intervention if needed.
Lifestyle & Medication (Non-Dysplastic Barrett’s)
To reduce acid exposure and slow progression:
- Take proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Avoid trigger foods
- Sleep with your head elevated
- Stop smoking
Endoscopic Therapy (Dysplasia Present)
If precancerous changes develop, your provider may recommend minimally invasive treatments such as:
- Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): Uses heat energy to remove abnormal cells.
- Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR): Removes larger or more advanced abnormal areas.
- Cryotherapy: Uses cold energy to destroy precancerous tissue.
Surgical Considerations
Surgery is uncommon but may be recommended for advanced cases or esophageal cancer.
Complications
Without proper monitoring and care, Barrett’s esophagus can progress. Potential complications include:
- Worsening GERD symptoms
- Development of esophageal strictures
- Progression to dysplasia
- Increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Surveillance helps detect changes early—when treatment is most effective.
When to Seek Care
Contact a MemorialCare healthcare provider if you experience:
- Long-term or frequent heartburn
- Difficulty or pain with swallowing
- Persistent cough or hoarseness
- Unexplained chest discomfort
- A family history of Barrett’s Esophagus or esophageal cancer